When the Romans defeated Antiochus III the Great in 190 BCE, they gave the city of Ephesus to their ally Eumenes II, king of Pergamum. In 133 BCE, Attalus III Philometor, the last king of Pergamum, bequeathed Ephesus along with the remainder of his kingdom to the Romans. The Romans organized the territory into the province of Asia; eventually Ephesus became the capital of this province, supplanting Pergamum. The province was governed by a proconsul. Ephesus was situated c. five kilometers inland from the Mediterranean Sea on the River Cayster; in the time of Paul, the river was navigable up to the city; the city was on the main route from Rome to the east, and prided itself on being "warden of the temple of Artemis." Josephus explains that Hyrcanus II negotiated with Dolabella, proconsul of Asia, exemption from military service for the Jews who resided in Ephesus and the right to live by their own religious customs (Ant. 14.10.11-13; 223-29). Augustus confirmed the Jews in Asia in these privileges (Ant. 16.6.1-2; 160-65).